What Are Inhaled Steroids?

Inhaled steroids, also known as inhaled corticosteroids, are medicines used to treat conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1][2]. They help reduce inflammation (swelling) in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. Inhaled steroids are usually taken every day using an inhaler and are often called preventer inhalers.

How do inhaled steroids work?

Inhaled steroids calm down the inflammation in your airways. When your airways are less swollen and irritated, you’re less likely to have symptoms like coughing, wheezing, or breathlessness. They also help prevent asthma attacks and reduce the need for emergency treatment.

Are inhaled steroids the same as steroids used in sports?

No. Inhaled steroids are corticosteroids, which are completely different from the anabolic steroids some athletes misuse. Corticosteroids are safe when used as prescribed and are designed to treat inflammation, not build muscle.

When are inhaled steroids used?

Inhaled steroids are mainly used to treat:

Asthma
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

They are used as part of long-term treatment to prevent symptoms from getting worse. They are not meant to give quick relief during an asthma attack – that’s what a reliever inhaler (usually blue) is for.

What are some common inhaled steroids?

In the UK, commonly used inhaled corticosteroids include:

Beclometasone (e.g. Clenil Modulite)
Budesonide (e.g. Pulmicort)
Fluticasone (e.g. Flixotide)
Mometasone (e.g. Asmanex Twisthaler)

Some inhalers contain a combination of an inhaled steroid and a long-acting bronchodilator for extra control.

How should you use an inhaled steroid?

It’s important to use it every day, exactly as prescribed, even when you feel well. General steps include:

Shake the inhaler if needed
Breathe out gently before using
Inhale slowly and deeply as you press the inhaler
Hold your breath for 5 to 10 seconds
Rinse your mouth afterwards to avoid side effects

Your GP, asthma nurse or pharmacist can show you how to use it correctly.

Are there any side effects?

Inhaled steroids are safe and effective, but possible side effects can include:

Hoarse voice
Sore throat
Oral thrush (a fungal infection in the mouth)

These can usually be avoided by rinsing your mouth or brushing your teeth after using your inhaler.

Do inhaled steroids start working straight away?

No, inhaled steroids work gradually over time. You might not notice an immediate difference, but using them daily helps prevent symptoms and reduce long-term damage to your lungs. It’s important not to stop taking them without medical advice.

Key Takeaways

Inhaled steroids reduce swelling in the airways and help prevent breathing problems.
They are used every day as part of long-term asthma or COPD treatment.
They are different from anabolic steroids used in sports and are safe when used correctly.
Using the correct inhaler technique and rinsing your mouth helps avoid side effects.
They take time to work, so it's important to keep using them daily, even if you feel well.

Reminder: Inhaled steroids are an important part of keeping asthma and COPD under control. If you’re unsure about how to use your inhaler or have questions about your treatment, speak to your GP, asthma nurse, or pharmacist.

Sources

[1] Liang TZ, Chao JH. Inhaled Corticosteroids. [Updated 2023 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470556/

[2] Barnes PJ. Inhaled Corticosteroids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010 Mar 8;3(3):514-540. doi: 10.3390/ph3030514. PMID: 27713266; PMCID: PMC4033967.