A Beginner's Guide To NAD+

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at NAD+ and why it plays a vital role in maintaining overall health as you age. We’ll explain what NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is, how NAD+ (its oxidised form) differs from NADH, and why these molecules are essential for energy production and cellular function. You’ll also learn about the relationship between NAD, NADH, and NAD+, as well as the factors that can influence NAD+ levels in the body. Finally, we’ll answer some of the most frequently asked questions about NAD+ to help you better understand its importance and how you can support optimal levels.

Key Takeaways

Here are the 5 biggest takeaways from this article about NAD+:

• NAD+ plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, energy production, and DNA repair.

• As we age, NAD+ levels naturally decrease, which has been linked to cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, muscle loss and increased disease risk.

• Factors such as fasting, caloric restriction, exercise and low glucose availability can help boost NAD+ levels.

• NAD+ (oxidised form) and NADH (reduced form) continuously cycle in redox reactions, transferring electrons to generate ATP, the primary energy source for cells.

• Research suggests NAD+ may have anti-aging benefits and potential in treating age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s, heart disease, and diabetes.

What is NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)?

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a key role in energy production and cellular function. NAD is derived from vitamin B3 (niacin or nicotinamide), making it an essential compound for maintaining overall health.

NAD exists in two forms: NAD+ (oxidised) and NADH (reduced). These forms help NAD to participate in crucial metabolic processes, all of which contribute to the production of the primary energy source for cells, ATP. Without sufficient NAD levels, cellular energy production and essential biological functions would be compromised.

What is NAD+ (NAD+: Oxidised Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)?

NAD+ is the active form of NAD that accepts electrons, allowing it to facilitate essential biochemical processes. NAD+ helps convert nutrients into ATP, the primary energy source for cells. When NAD+ gains electrons, it becomes NADH, which then donates these electrons to drive ATP production.

NAD+ also plays a critical role in DNA repair, cell signalling, and the regulation of enzymes which are linked to ageing and overall cellular health. Optimal NAD+ levels are essential for supporting these functions, as levels naturally decline with age.

Why is it important to maintain optimal NAD+ levels as you age?

Maintaining optimal NAD+ levels as you age is essential for overall health and longevity as it influences numerous cellular functions including metabolism, DNA repair, immune response and cellular regeneration [1].

NAD+ levels naturally decrease with age, which has been linked to a range of ageing-associated conditions such as cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, muscle loss (sarcopenia), frailty and even an increased risk of cancer. Research suggests that restoring NAD+ levels may help slow down or reverse some of these age-related diseases [2].

Adequate NAD+ levels help cells generate energy efficiently, maintain repair mechanisms and regulate biological pathways in older people [3].

What is NADH?

NADH is the reduced form of NAD. It is similar to NAD+, but with an additional hydrogen atom which is responsible for its "reduced" state. This occurs when NAD+ accepts high-energy electrons and a proton (H+) during redox reactions.

NADH plays a vital role in cellular respiration, particularly in the final stage of energy production. It donates electrons, helping generate ATP, the body's primary energy source. NADH also contributes to the production of fatty acids and cholesterol, making it essential for overall metabolic function.

What is the relationship between NAD, NADH & NAD+?

NAD, NAD+, and NADH are closely related molecules that help with energy production in our cells through redox reactions. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, which changes the molecules' energy states.

The balance between NAD+ and NADH is essential for keeping the cell's energy production running smoothly. Without enough NAD+, cells would struggle to produce ATP, affecting their overall function.

Which factors can influence NAD+ levels in the body?

Several factors can influence NAD+ levels in the body, affecting overall health and energy production. Lifestyle habits such as fasting, caloric restriction, physical activity and low glucose availability can help boost NAD+ levels. These approaches stimulate processes that promote the production of NAD+ and improve cellular function.

On the other hand, age-related changes can lead to a natural decline in NAD+ levels. This is often due to reduced NAD+ biosynthesis, increased inflammation and the activation of PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) which depletes NAD+ in response to DNA damage [4].

Fasting and diet - lack of vitamin B3 (niacin) intake

Fasting and diet can have a significant impact on NAD+ levels, especially when it comes to the intake of vitamin B3 (niacin). Niacin is a precursor to NAD+, and a deficiency in this vitamin can lead to lower NAD+ production, affecting cellular functions and energy metabolism.

Studies have shown that increasing intake of vitamin B3 through foods or supplements can boost NAD+ levels and positively influence ageing and conditions like atherosclerosis and obesity. Research has shown that forms of vitamin B3 help to counteract age-related issues and improve overall health [5].

Reduction in calories consumed

Reducing calorie intake can have a positive effect on NAD+ levels in the body. Calorie restriction helps increase the availability of NAD+. This process works by activating an enzyme that plays a key role in converting nicotinamide into NAD+. Because of this, the body is able to recycle and produce more NAD+, supporting cellular functions and energy production. Calorie restriction can help maintain optimal NAD+ levels, potentially supporting longevity and reducing the risk of age-related health issues [4].

Physical activity

Physical activity plays an important role in maintaining optimal NAD+ levels. Regular exercise, particularly moderate physical activity, helps ensure efficient electron flow within cells by promoting the consumption of ATP. 

Exercise increases the AMP/ATP ratio in cells, which stimulates the production of NAD+ and enhances its availability. This boost in NAD+ helps support energy production, cellular repair, and overall metabolic health [4].

Low blood sugar/glucose levels

Yes, low blood sugar or glucose levels can influence NAD+ levels in the body. When glucose availability is low the body activates various metabolic pathways to ensure continued energy production. One of these pathways involves the NAD+ salvage pathway, which helps recycle and maintain NAD+ levels.

In situations of low glucose, the body relies more on fatty acids and other energy sources which also require NAD+ to help convert these fuels into ATP. This increased demand for NAD+ can trigger mechanisms that enhance its production, including the activation of enzymes. If glucose levels remain low for extended periods, there may be a greater need for NAD+ to maintain energy balance.

Cellular stress and inflammation due to increased PARP activity

Cellular stress and inflammation can significantly impact NAD+ levels, particularly through the activation of PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase). PARP is an enzyme that plays a key role in repairing DNA damage, but its activity can also lead to increased NAD+ consumption. When PARP is activated in response to cellular stress or inflammation it uses up large amounts of NAD+, potentially disrupting cellular energy balance [6].

Heat shocks

Heat shock can have a positive effect on NAD+ levels by triggering a series of biological responses that increase the NAD+/NADH ratio. When the body experiences heat stress, NADH levels decrease, and this shift promotes a higher NAD+ availability.

Heat stress not only enhances the body's ability to manage and recover from high temperatures but also helps maintain or increase NAD+ levels, which is essential for energy production and cellular repair processes [7].

NAD+ FAQS

How does NAD affect cellular metabolism?

NAD plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism by acting as a coenzyme in redox reactions where it transfers electrons during key metabolic pathways. These reactions are vital for energy production in cells.

By enabling the transfer of electrons and protons NAD ensures that cells can generate energy efficiently, supporting a wide range of essential cellular functions such as growth, repair, and energy production.

How are NAD, NAD+ & NADH linked to each other?

NAD, NAD+, and NADH are all forms of the same coenzyme, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and they play a key role in cellular metabolism.

• NAD+ is the oxidised form, meaning it lacks electrons. It acts as an electron acceptor in metabolic reactions.

• When NAD+ gains two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H⁺), it is reduced to NADH, the electron-carrying form of the molecule.

• NADH then donates these electrons. Once NADH releases its electrons, it is converted back into NAD+, and the cycle continues.

The conversion between NAD+ and NADH is essential for redox reactions, which drive energy production and support vital cellular processes.

Can NAD+ influence longevity and healthy ageing?

Yes, NAD+ may influence longevity and healthy ageing by supporting essential cellular processes. As we age, NAD+ levels naturally decline, which can impact DNA repair, metabolism and overall cell health. Studies suggest that boosting NAD+ through supplementation via self-injectables like the Vi-Pen or IV drips could help counteract age-related decline.

How long does it take for NAD+ to take effect?

The time it takes for NAD+ to take effect can vary from person to person. Some people may notice subtle improvements within a few days, while it may take a few weeks to experience noticeable changes for others. Most people report benefits such as increased energy, improved focus and better recovery within a couple of weeks of starting NAD+.

Is NAD+ safe?

Yes, NAD+ supplementation is generally considered safe with a low risk of side effects. Research suggests that it is well-tolerated, and most people do not experience significant side effects when taking NAD+ supplements [8].

What further research is needed for NAD+?

While research on NAD+ is promising, it is thought that more clinical trials are needed to fully understand it. Current studies suggest that NAD+ could play a role in anti-ageing therapies and may help in the treatment of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, heart disease and diabetes by supporting cellular health and metabolism. More large-scale human trials are required to confirm NAD+’s full potential [9].

Final Thoughts

NAD+ is a vital coenzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, energy production and overall health. As we age, NAD+ levels naturally decline, impacting biological functions such as DNA repair, immune response and metabolic regulation. Various lifestyle factors including fasting, exercise and caloric restriction can help maintain or boost NAD+ levels. Research suggests that NAD+ supplementation may support longevity and counteract age-related decline. By optimising NAD+ levels using Vivere NAD+ Injections using the Vi-Pen, people may enhance cellular function, improve energy metabolism and promote healthy ageing.

Sources

[1] NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing - PMC

[2] The Role of NAD+ in Regenerative Medicine - PMC

[3] Role of NAD+ in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways - PMC

[4] Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations: Do the Beneficial Effects Originate from NAD+ Amount at the Cellular Level? - Poljsak - 2020

[5] NAD+-Increasing Strategies to Improve Cardiometabolic Health? - PMC

[6] PARP Inhibitors: An Innovative Approach to the Treatment of Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders in Sepsis - PMC

[7] Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations: Do the Beneficial Effects Originate from NAD+ Amount at the Cellular Level? - PMC

[8] Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review - PubMed

[9] Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies - PMC